此篇文章轉錄自Science Daily(點此連結);文章主要論述:因為世足熱潮,受家暴威脅的婦女需要有簡單的事前計畫面對家暴加害人,如準備好手機或車鑰匙,以及避免受害者自己嘗試藉由喝酒來消解痛苦。為何世足與家暴會牽連在一起,主要原因在於:飲酒,換成白話文而言,也就是喝酒鬧事;這部分有些文化差異,英美歐洲國家蠻流行幾個男人聚在酒吧,裡點幾瓶啤酒看運動賽事,有點類似台灣男人下班後會去海產店或路邊攤黑白切配酒,因此,不是因為足球讓世人瘋狂而家暴,而是在於家暴加害者在這段期間飲酒的機率增高。


Domestic Violence: Why Some Women Have Real Reason to Fear the World Cup

ScienceDaily (June 10, 2010) — An expert at Royal Holloway, University of London is urging victims of domestic violence to have a plan in place should their partners turn violent during the World Cup, and to avoid the temptation of turning to drink themselves.

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此篇文章轉錄自The Age(點此連結);文章主要論述:美國政府對跨性別者的護照申請有更為彈性的規定,以往需要變性手術的證明,如今只要能提出合適的變性臨床處遇證明即可,且也只會詢問必要的身分資料與公民身分。這項政策轉變的確是對跨性別者更為友善,畢竟,進行手術或臨床處遇對於跨性別者的門檻是不同的,我的意見是,很愛國際(美國)觀的台灣應該要趕緊跟國際(美國)接軌吧。(這邊我把treatment翻譯成「處遇」而不翻譯成「治療」,因為治療具有疾病的意涵,但是處遇是較為中性的詞,clinical treatment不見得等於clinical therapy,但是台灣翻譯常將兩者混淆,心理學讀者也不見得能體會其中的差異。另外,從此篇文章可以學到「變性手術」的英文是:SRS: sexaul reassignment surgery,來自Google查詢,還有以下說法:sex-change operation, gender reassignment surgery, gender-change surgery。)


US unveils new passport rules for transgender people

June 10, 2010 - 11:39AM

The United States has new, more flexible passport regulations for transgender people, and ended an earlier requirement that reassignment surgery precede a passport gender change, the State Department said.

"Sexual reassignment surgery is no longer a prerequisite for passport issuance," it said in a statement.

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文章轉錄自Science Daily(點此連結);文章主要論述:「常暴露在二手菸的人或吸菸者」比「不常暴露在二手菸的人或不吸菸者」更容易因憂鬱、精神分裂、譫妄(delirium)與其他精神狀況而接受住院治療。或許,對於此研究結果,能以用環境或社經因素來解釋相關及可能的中間變項,譬如:由於處於高壓的工作環境,更易促使人吸菸並產生精神疾病;父親能肆無忌憚地在家中抽煙,這類家庭可能是比較高壓權威的管教與相處方式,所以使得暴露在二手菸的家人更易罹患精神疾病;但,這篇研究其實更想證明:暴露於尼古丁下與罹患精神疾病的因果關係,屬於物質對精神的直接影響。乍聽之下,覺得這因果的關係有點遙遠,怎麼可能抽煙的尼古丁和精神疾病竟然有直接關聯?但如果我們都能接受精油療法、香精療法的可能性,何以不相信這篇研究的結果呢?只是,中間作用的因果關係仍須釐清即是。


Secondhand Smoke Associated With Psychiatric Distress, Illness

ScienceDaily (June 8, 2010) — Exposure to secondhand smoke appears to be associated with psychological distress and the risk of future psychiatric hospitalization among healthy adults, according to a report posted online that will appear in the August print issue of Archives of General Psychiatry.

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文章轉錄自Medical News Today(點此連結);文章主要論述:在法律案件中,願意承擔錯誤的道歉有助於告訴雙方順利解決法律爭端,尤其在許多民事案件(包括監護權及醫療疏失),但雙方快速解決、誠意道歉對律師這第三方角色並不都是有益的,所以在法律訴訟中,何時採取道歉策略還是需要酌量的。有些研究是扭轉刻板印象的,有些研究是再度印證前人智慧,這篇文章正屬於後者的研究類型,告訴大家:誠實道歉為上策;但這篇文章在台灣,會是重申金科玉律的研究,但在美國,卻是扭轉根深蒂固的觀念;在美國,會被交代,若遇到可能上法庭的事千萬別先道歉,否則已先承認自己有錯就難以在未來翻案了,這和強調悔意的台灣社會有所不同。最後,文中提及,道歉需要承認錯誤與責任,而這會讓對方對你感到一絲人性,進而減少憤怒、接受原諒,這點,我想應該是中西皆然的。


Medical News Today

A Simple Apology Could Fuel Settlement Of Legal Disputes

03 Jun 2010  

Apologies may be good for more than just the soul, according to research by a University of Illinois professor of law and of psychology.

Jennifer Robbennolt says her studies show that apologies can potentially help resolve legal disputes ranging from injury cases to wrongful firings, giving wounded parties a sense of justice and satisfaction that promotes settlements and trims demands for damages.

"Conventional wisdom has been to avoid apologies because they amount to an admission of guilt that can be damaging to defendants in court," she said. "But the studies suggest apologies can actually play a positive role in settling legal cases."

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此篇文章轉錄自Medical News Today(點此連結);文章主要呈現美國青少年藥物濫用的數據(藥物濫用或物質濫用:substance abuse)。以心理實務的角度,當然會注意到藥物使用族群的人數估計和接受治療族群統計間的落差,到底有多少人會尋求協助戒斷?不可否認,這篇文章是以醫學病理的觀點來看藥物濫用,因而有將藥物濫用的行為與心理健康的關聯擺在一起,但是許多物質使用者可不認為他們使用物質(或藥物)就代表心理不健康或他們生活有什麼需要改變的地方,的確,把藥物使用和心理衛生連在一起可能需要更細緻一點,尤其是要連到精神病理的部份,也所以在心理實務上,面對物質使用者或濫用者,首先要釐清的就是:為什麼需要改變。


Medical News Today

New Report Provides Startling Look At Substance Abuse On An Average Day In The Life Of American Adolescents

03 Jun 2010  

On an average day, 508,000 adolescents aged 12-17 in the United States drink alcohol; 641,000 use illicit drugs; and more than 1 million smoke cigarettes, according to a national survey sponsored by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA).

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文章轉錄自Medical News Today(點此連結);文章主要論述:童年時期的頻繁搬遷與成人期較低的生活品質有關(童年期約指0至12歲,成人期約指18歲以後),其中若個性是較為內向或神經質的人特別會受此影響。首先,這當然是一個相關研究並不代表因果關係(correlation does not imply causation),所以當然不能以偏概全地說童年時期有搬家經驗的人未來會有比較不好的生活品質和人際關係,以心理學觀點,重點不是搬家這件事,而是搬家、改變生活環境對兒童是一「壓力事件」(stressful life event),因此重複地經歷壓力事件若沒有合適的協助與應對,的確都會產生影響。以目前的心理學觀點(普遍、主流觀點),兒童需要一個安全穩定的成長環境與人際關係,搬遷、移民、離婚、轉學、因災難而安置等都是壓力事件,同時各種研究都指出,壓力事件本身不見得就會帶來負面影響,核心還是在兒童如何處理壓力事件、成人如何幫助兒童理解及度過事件本身。


 

Medical News Today

Moving Repeatedly In Childhood Associated With Poorer Quality Of Life Years Later

04 Jun 2010

Moving to a new town or even a new neighborhood is stressful at any age, but a new study shows that frequent relocations in childhood are related to poorer well-being in adulthood, especially among people who are more introverted or neurotic.

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文章轉錄自Medical News Today(點此連結);文章主要論述:認知能力可以預測風險決策,而非年齡,因此老年人並未如同刻板印象比較會採取風險迴避、或高風險低品質的決策,雖然老年人的認知能力在記憶與速度上有所減退,但若能給予足夠時間與資訊,仍可做出好的決策(與年輕人相同的決策)。我們對於老年人有什麼刻板印象呢?認知能力是一籠統的詞彙,幾乎涵蓋人類心智的理性能力,包括決策能力(Decision Making),因此認知能力能以預測風險決策,這是可以想像的,文中研究者有排除年齡為中間變項,年齡變項並不會提高預測,在此可以想像,風險決策與個人所採取的「策略」比較有關(也就是一個人的背景、知識與經驗);因此,在實務上使用年齡訊息來詮釋一個人時,要更為小心;此外,認知能力、心智能力與年齡之間的關係,應該值得心理學仔細思考(譬如幾歲才算心智成熟)。曾有新聞報導,幾位老年人多次被金光黨詐騙,新聞的操作點在於金光黨的不仁不義竟向判斷力不佳的老人下手,但若依照這則研究,可能就會問,為什麼有些老人就不會被騙、而有些人卻會?而這恐怕已跟年齡沒太大關連了。


Medical News Today

Cognitive Ability, Not Age, Predicts Risky Decisions

02 Jun 2010  

Just because your mother has turned 85, you shouldn't assume you'll have to take over her financial matters. She may be just as good or better than you at making quick, sound, money-making decisions, according to researchers at Duke University.

"It's not age, it's cognition that makes the difference in decision-making," said Scott Huettel, Ph.D., Associate Professor of psychology and neuroscience and director of the Duke Center for Neuroeconomic Studies. He recently led a laboratory study in which participants could gain or lose money based on their decisions.

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文章轉錄自Guardian.co.uk(點此連結);文章主要論述:喝咖啡並不會讓你更有精神,對於嗜咖啡者喝咖啡可以解除咖啡因的戒斷症狀,而不常喝咖啡的人喝咖啡不會更有精神,反而更會頭痛;所以,要喝咖啡就持續喝、要不就完全不要碰。這篇文章主要在扭轉這個概念「咖啡中的咖啡因會讓人更有精神,所以喝咖啡可以讓人更有精神點」,其實,若是從「癮」的概念去思考這研究結果是很符合想像的,一旦沒有就想要、以及身體起初在適應物質使用的自然反應。最後有兩點想法,第一、科學實驗與研究的目的中即是包含試著扭轉普遍人的想法(除魅),如同此篇研究(科學研究包括自然科學或社會科學);第二、物質濫用(substance abuse)或物質使用,這類的議題非常複雜(包括用藥助性或抽煙),目前便利商店們正打起咖啡大戰,若咖啡因如尼古丁是種癮,且也不會讓人更有精神(完全是上班族想像的take a break),那為什麼這社會願意管制煙品、不願意管制咖啡食品?嗯,換另一個角度問好了,便利商店是否可以賣咖啡給十八歲(或十二歲以下)的顧客呢?


• Data shows coffee addicts only stave off caffeine withdrawal
• Stick with coffee or keep off it altogether, concludes study


The millions of people who depend on a shot of coffee to kickstart their day are no more alert than those who are not regular coffee drinkers, say researchers.

A cup of coffee, suggests a study, only counteracts the effects of caffeine withdrawal that has built up overnight.

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文章轉錄自ScienceDaily(點此連結);文章主要論述:在美國現今大學生的同理心不比八零和九零年代的大學生來得高,研究方法主要是藉由人格測驗的幾個問題著手,去推估受測者的同理心表現;研究者試著為此現象找出可能原因,包括資訊發達、人際交友關係、社會步調等等。以我的觀點,這邊有一個哲學上的問題:「人格的先天或後天」,人格測驗中測得的「人格」應屬於穩定結果,不論天生或環境影響與否,一個人在不同時間點應測得同樣的人格,但是研究者提出的可能原因都偏向於「環境」因素,意思是以前環境和現在環境不同造成不同的行為表現,如果真的如此,一個人在不同時間點測得的人格結果都會依照環境影響而不同。當然這疑問是可以技術解決的,譬如回答說,這研究是抓出測驗的幾題題目來分析而不是整份人格測驗、或人格有發展期,過了某些時段就不再因環境而變化;但是,我們願不願意想像,八零和九零年代或更早的人們生出了基因中不具有同理心的下一代?(當然大家不願意想像,同理心怎麼可能跟基因有關),那乾脆這樣問,同理心的上一代怎麼培養出沒同理心的下一代,或創造出沒同理心的環境?(這問題,我可不太想演變成兩代之間的對立)。最後,講了那麼多,什麼又是同理心(Empathy)呢?

 



E
mpathy: College Students Don't Have as Much as They Used To, Study Finds

ScienceDaily (May 29, 2010) — Today's college students are not as empathetic as college students of the 1980s and '90s, a University of Michigan study shows.

The study, presented in Boston at the annual meeting of the Association for Psychological Science, analyzes data on empathy among almost 14,000 college students over the last 30 years.

"We found the biggest drop in empathy after the year 2000," said Sara Konrath, a researcher at the U-M Institute for Social Research. "College kids today are about 40 percent lower in empathy than their counterparts of 20 or 30 years ago, as measured by standard tests of this personality trait."

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ABC News

E-mail Catches Some Cases of College Depression

Common Tool May Help Identify Students Who Are Depressed

By KRISTINA FIORE
MedPage Today Staff Writer

May 29, 2010—

E-mail may be a simple and cheap way to screen college students for depression, but it's not likely to motivate them to seek treatment, researchers said at the American Psychiatric Association in New Orleans.

A commonly-used depression screening tool sent in e-mail blasts to students at four colleges put the prevalence of major depressive disorder at 14.5 percent, Dr. Irene Shyu of Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston and colleagues reported.

But few students who screened positive for depression with the Patient Health Questionnaire 9-Item (PHQ-9) actually used the online educational resources or on-campus peer health support groups provided in the e-mail.

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英文資訊交流網
http://blog.cybertranslator.idv.tw/

網站內容非常豐富,聽說讀寫、文法口說皆有,除此之外也提供許多講座資訊;非常適合平時即想增加英文實力的人(意即:不太適合考前抱佛腳的學習者啦)。

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國民大會:搶救英文菜菜子 20100201

影片中提到台灣學生常會發生的錯誤英文用語及發音。(由於影片無法內嵌,請連至youtube網站觀看。)

 

台灣學生常會發生的錯誤用語及發音
內容摘自《國民大會:搶救英文菜菜子

◎缺乏文法概念,導致自創片語或句型
誤:Don't worry. Just study as possible as you can.
正:Don't worry. Just study as hard as you can.
誤:How to spell that word?
正:How do you spell that word?

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本文引用自wywu - 拉丁文縮寫名稱

(粗體字為筆者所加,為個人主觀,在書本中常見的拉丁縮寫。)


縮寫 拉丁文 中文

A.D. / AD anno domini 公元
A.M. / AM / a.m. / am ante meridiem 上午
c. / ca. / ca / cca circa 大約
C.V. / CV curriculum vitae 履歷
cf. confer 參照, 比較
D.V. Deo volente 若合天意, 如蒙上帝恩准
e.g. exempli gratia 例如, 舉例來說
ead. eadem 同上, 同前
et al. et alii 以及其他者
et seq. et sequens 以及下列
etc. et cetera 等等, 其他
ff. foliis 及其後頁
fl. / flor. floruit 在世期
i.a. inter alia 尤其, 特別
i.e. id est 亦即, 也就是
ibid. ibidem 同前, 如上
id. idem 同上, 同前
inst. instante mense 本月
l.c. / loc. cit. loco citato 在上述引文中
lb. / lb libra
loq. loquitur 開始說話
M.O. modus operandi 做法, 手法
N.B. nota bene 注意, 留心
nem. con. nemine contradicente 無異議地, 無人反對地
nem. diss. nemine dissentiente 無異議地, 全場一致地
op. cit. opere citato 在列舉的著作中
p.a. per annum 每年
p.c. / pct. / per cent. per centum 百分比
P.M. / PM / p.m. / pm post meridiem 下午
P.S. post scriptum 附筆, 附言
pp. / per pro. per procurationem 代理, 委任
pro tem. pro tempore 暫時, 臨時
prox. proximo mense 下個月
Q.E.D. quod erat demonstrandum 証明完畢, 得證
q.v. quod videre 參見, 參照
r. rexit 統治期
R.I.P. requiescat in pace 願彼靈魂安息
(sic) sic 原文如此, 原文照錄
s.o.s. si opus sit 必要時
s.v. sub verbo 見某詞條
st. stet 不刪, 保留
ult. ultimo mense 上個月
v.a. vide ante 參看前文
v.i. vide infra 參看下文
v.p. vide post 參看後文
v.s. vide supra 參見上文
viz. videlicet 換言之, 即
vs. / v. versus 對抗, 比較

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美國勞工部製作的:《職業分類典》(Dictionary of Occupational Titles),以及中華民國內政部製作的:《中華民國職業分類典》,譬如你對於President、總經理這個職位有興趣(其實我原本是想查「總統」這個職位的,大誤),你想知道這個職位的在做什麼、會被交付什麼責任或需要哪方面的能力(甚至可能薪資大致多少),這類的職業分類典能以幫你釐清這方面的資訊。(當然如果你做過某方面的職位,但你卻不知道你在履歷表中如何對自己的能力下筆,那麼你也可以逆回來使用這類職業分類典的描述。)

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The Three Mountain Task was developed by Jean Piaget and Bärbel Inhelder in the 1940s to study children's ability to coordinate spatial perspectives. In the task, a child faced a display of three model mountains while a researcher placed a doll at different viewpoints of the display. The researcher asked the child to reconstruct the display from the doll's perspective, select from a set of pictures showing the doll's view, and identify a viewpoint for the doll specified by a picture of the display. Some children around age four did not distinguish between their own view and that of the doll, a tendency interpreted by Piaget as evidence of egocentrism. Egocentrism was considered an indication of the preoperational period, a stage that preceded logical thinking. Research since the 1970s has shown young children's perspective-taking ability to be affected by a variety of situational variables.

Cited: Three Mountain Task

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