The Three Mountain Task was developed by Jean Piaget and Bärbel Inhelder in the 1940s to study children's ability to coordinate spatial perspectives. In the task, a child faced a display of three model mountains while a researcher placed a doll at different viewpoints of the display. The researcher asked the child to reconstruct the display from the doll's perspective, select from a set of pictures showing the doll's view, and identify a viewpoint for the doll specified by a picture of the display. Some children around age four did not distinguish between their own view and that of the doll, a tendency interpreted by Piaget as evidence of egocentrism. Egocentrism was considered an indication of the preoperational period, a stage that preceded logical thinking. Research since the 1970s has shown young children's perspective-taking ability to be affected by a variety of situational variables.
Cited: Three Mountain Task
用中文口語的解釋「三座山」。兒童面對一張桌子坐著，桌子上放了三個大型的假山，有一個洋娃娃放在桌子另一端的椅子上，然後研究者問該名兒童，對洋娃娃而言，這座山看起來是什麼樣子的？（皮亞傑以此測驗的結果作為「前運思期兒童」無法想像「不同觀點」之證據。白話文就是：無法站在對方立場思考啦。）當然這後續延伸出更多的討論，到底是測驗設計的問題，還是真的兒童無法做到？（前運思期是二至七歲，但之後測驗設計改變後，五歲似乎是有以他人立場設想的能力，三歲似乎是還沒辦法；所以，三歲兒童真的無法站在別人立場設想？看影片會更知道到底發生什麼事情了…。）（所以無法站在他人立場同理，發展階段只到三歲？誤）
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