文章轉錄自Medical News Today（點此連結）；文章主要論述：在背景音樂是播放情歌之後，女性會更容易將她們的電話號碼給普通的男性；媒體暴露（media exposure）的影響不止於在暴力內容，連情歌亦有，文章主要提及三種解釋：一、觀察學習（observational learning）：最典型的研究實驗即為Bobo Doll；二、正向效果（positive effect）：每一客體都會多少對人類情緒有正面或負面的感受影響，但此篇文章指的是：情歌的正面效果可能與求偶有關聯（譬如：很多生物與人類文化都會利用歌唱來求偶）；三、印記效果（priming effect）：也就是歌曲中的旋律或歌詞潛意識地流進腦海中，因而影響之後的行為決策，著名的例子是：在電影院裡，於人類意識閾值下，插進「請去買爆米花」的字卡，因而提高觀眾去買爆米花的行為（但事後研究仍指出：這個爆米花研究並不是真的有效；但priming effect是認知研究蠻常出現的效果，也「呼應」了當初佛洛伊德的潛意識，即便兩個領域的潛意識意義完全不同）。
Love Ballad Leaves Women More Open To A Date
21
Jun 2010
If you're having trouble getting a date, French researchers suggest
that picking the right soundtrack could improve the odds. Women were
more prepared to give their number to an 'average' young man after
listening to romantic background music, according to research that
appears in the journal Psychology of Music, published by SAGE.
There's plenty of research indicating that the media affects our
behaviour. Violent video games or music with aggressive lyrics increase
the likelihood of aggressive behaviour, thoughts and feelings - but do
romantic songs have any effect? This question prompted researchers
Nicolas Guéguen and Céline Jacob from the Université de Bretagne-Sud
along with Lubomir Lamy from Université de Paris-Sud to test the power
of romantic lyrics on 18-20 year old single females. And it turns out
that at least one romantic love song did make a difference.
Guéguen and Jacob were part of a research team that had already shown
how romantic music played in a flower shop led to male customers
spending more money. This time the researchers used questionnaires to
pinpoint agreed-upon neutral and romantic songs. They chose 'Je l'aime à
mourir', a well-known love song by French songwriter Francis Cabrel,
and the neutral song 'L'heure du thé', by Vincent Delerm. A group of
young women separate from the main study rated 12 young male volunteers
for attractiveness, and the researchers picked the one rated closest to
'average' to help with the experiment.
The researchers then set up a scenario where the 87 females each spent
time in a waiting room with background music playing, before moving to a
different room where the experimenter instructed her to discuss the
difference between two food products with the young man. Once the
experimenter returned, she asked them to wait for a few moments alone,
and this gave the 'average' male a chance to use his standard chat up
line: "My name is Antoine, as you know, I think you are very nice and I
was wondering if you would give me your phone number. I'll phone you
later and we can have a drink together somewhere next week.'
The love song in the waiting room almost doubled Antoine's chances of
getting a woman's number - 52% of participants responded to his advances
under the influence of Francis Cabrel, whereas only 28% of those who
had heard the 'neutral' song by Vincent Delerm offered their details.
"Our results confirm that the effect of exposure to media content is not
limited to violence and could have the potential to influence a high
spectrum of behaviour," says Guéguen. "The results are interesting for
scientists who work on the effect of background music on individuals'
behaviour."
The results also add weight to a general learning model proposed by
Buckley and Anderson in 2006 to explain the effect of media exposure.
Their model states that media exposure in general, and not only
aggressive or violent media, affects individuals' internal states, which
explains why prosocial media fosters prosocial outcomes.
Why did the music have this effect? It may be that, as shown in earlier
research, the music induced positive affect (in psychological terms,
affect is the experience of feeling or emotion). Positive affect is
associated with being more receptive to courtship requests.
Alternatively, the romantic content of the song may have acted as a
prime that then led to displays of behaviour associated with that prime.
In either case, further research is needed before the researchers will
commit to wider generalisations on the targeted use of love songs. But
if you're a hopeful single, awareness of the background music certainly
won't do any harm.
Nicolas Guéguen, Céline Jacob and Lubomir Lamy
'Love is in the air': Effects of songs with romantic lyrics on
compliance with a courtship request
Psychology of Music 38 (3)
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